Table 1 Study Population Characteristics by Case-Control Status
Factor | Level | Control n (%) | Case n (%) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 54 | 56 | ||
Age, mean (SD)* | 49.5 (11.7) | 57.5 (9.6) | < 0.001 | |
Gender* | Female | 27 (51) | 16 (29) | 0.017 |
Male | 26 (49) | 40 (71) | ||
Diabetes mellitus Diagnosis | Yes | 13 (24) | 2 (4) | < 0.001 |
No | 41 (76) | 54 (96) | ||
Farming as occupation* | No | 14 (28) | 3 (6) | 0.002 |
Yes | 36 (72) | 51 (94) | ||
Drinking water source | Dug Well | 48 (89) | 52 (93) | 0.47 |
Rain Water | 6 (11) | 5 (9) | 0.7 | |
Treat drinking water | Drinking | 34 (63) | 41 (75) | 0.19 |
Keep livestock | Livestock | 17 (31) | 19 (34) | 0.78 |
Smoking status | Tobacco | 8 (15) | 14 (25) | 0.18 |
Cannabis | 2 (4) | 7 (12) | 0.092 | |
Chew betel* | Betel | 22 (41) | 40 (71) | 0.001 |
Alcohol a problem in village | Not a Problem | 13 (27) | 11 (21) | 0.85 |
Minor Problem | 17 (35) | 20 (38) | ||
Moderate Problem | 10 (20) | 9 (17) | ||
Major Problem | 9 (18) | 12 (23) | ||
Alcohol consumption | Any Alcohol | 22 (41) | 33 (59) | 0.056 |
Arrack | 19 (35) | 27 (48) | 0.17 | |
Beer | 14 (26) | 16 (29) | 0.76 | |
Kasippu | 13 (24) | 18 (32) | 0.35 | |
Pesticide use* | Any | 42 (78) | 52 (93) | 0.025 |
Fungicide | 21 (44) | 29 (55) | 0.27 | |
Herbicide | 41 (76) | 51 (91) | 0.032 | |
Insecticide | 42 (78) | 44 (79) | 0.92 |