Table 2 Overview of one health initiatives for zoonoses management in India
OH initiative/programme | Aim/focus | Year | Focal disease | Stakeholders | Type of initiative | Form | Scale | Scope | Sectoral affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Pandemic Preparedness Initiative (APPI) | Enhance India's preparedness and response to animal pandemics, with a focus on zoonotic diseases that pose a threat to both animal and human health | 2023 – present | Zoonoses | • Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying • Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying • Research institutes of ICAR and ICMR • World Health Organisation • Food and Agriculture Organisation | Disease outbreaks prevention and control (Animal pandemic preparedness) | Inter | National and sub-national | Programme implementation (research and capacity building) | AH & PH |
Animal Health Systems Support for One Health (AHSSOH) | Create an ecosystem for a better animal health management system using the One Health approach covering five (05) states in India | 2023—present | Zoonoses | • Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying • Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying • Research institutes of ICAR and ICMR • World Bank • World Health Organisation • Food and Agriculture Organisation | Disease outbreaks prevention and control (Animal pandemic preparedness) | Inter | National and sub-national | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | AH & PH |
National One Health programme for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses (NOHP-PCZ) | Operationalise “One Health” Mechanisms for prevention and control of Zoonoses through strengthening inter-sectoral coordination among all stakeholders at the national, state, and district and sub-district levels | 2017–2026 | Priority zoonoses | • Centre for One Health (National Centre for Disease Control) • Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying • Wildlife Institute of India • Civil Society organisations | Disease outbreak prevention and control | Mixed | National and sub-national | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH, AH & Wildlife |
One Health Support Unit under Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying | Support the Government of India in developing India’s National One Health Platform | Zoonoses | • Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying • Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying • Confederation of Indian Industry • Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | Disease outbreak prevention and control | Mixed | National | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH, AH & Wildlife | |
One Health programme on highly pathogenic emerging diseases in Asia | Advocacy and operationalisation of OH at regional and country levels in the Asia–Pacific region for avian influenza prevention and control | 2009–2014 | Avian Influenza | • National Centre for Disease Control • Indian Council of Medical Research • Indian Council of Agricultural Research • World Health Organisation | Research development collaboration | Mixed | International | Agreement (Level-based- research) | PH & AH |
Programme for Inter-sectoral Coordination for Prevention and Control of Zoonotic Diseases | Foster inter-sectoral collaboration for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases of public health importance | 2012- present | Priority zoonoses (rabies, anthrax, scrub typhus, leptospirosis) | • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW) • Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare • Wildlife Institute of India | Disease outbreaks and prevention and control | Inter | National and sub-national | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH, AH & Wildlife |
One Health Roadmap (OHR) | Tackle the most urgent health threats | Zoonoses | • Department of Biotechnology | Research development collaboration | Inter | National | Agreement (Third-party based) | Biotechnology | |
Roadmap to combat zoonoses in India (RCZI) Initiative | Assessing research options for controlling zoonoses in India | 2010–2015 | Zoonoses | • Public Health Foundation India • Civil Society organisations | Research and laboratory collaboration | Mixed | National | Agreement (Research development) | PH |
Rabies Control Initiative – Tamil Nadu | Rabies prevention at a sub-national level (Tamil Nadu) | 2004 | Rabies | • Directorate of Public Health & Preventive Medicine • Directorate of Education • Directorate of Rural Health & Medical Services • Municipal Administration Department • Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying • Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation • Civil Society organisations | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Mixed | Sub-national (Tamil Nadu) | Programme implementation (Level-based (Population, individual) | PH, AH, education & welfare |
The Sikkim Anti-Rabies and Animal Health (SARAH) program | One Health model of sustainable dog-mediated rabies elimination | 2006–2015 | Rabies | • Government of Sikkim • Vets Beyond Borders • Fondation Brigitte Bardot | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Inter | Sub-national (district) | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | AH |
One Health Collaborative Action Strategy for Control of KFD (Wayanad) | Control the 2015 Kyasanur Forest Disease outbreak (Wayanad) | 2015 | Kyasanur Forest Disease | • District Medical Officer • District Animal Husbandry Officer • District Forest Officer-North/South • Veterinary University • Tribal Development Officer • District Police Officer • Media | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Mixed | Sub-national | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH, AH, welfare |
Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) and Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University (TNMGRMU) MOU | Joint academic and research activities (including trial for a SARS-CoV2 vaccine candidate developed by TNMGRMU | 2020–2020 | Covid-19 | • Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University • The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University | Research and laboratory collaboration | Inter | Subnational | Programme implementation (Level-based research) | PH & AH |
Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) and Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana | MOU for testing samples for Brucella spp. | Brucellosis | • Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU) • Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana | Research and laboratory collaboration | Inter | Subnational | Agreement (Level-based- research) | PH & AH | |
TANUVAS and Tamil Nadu State Public Health Department | MOU on testing and sharing results on leptospirosis | 2020-present | Leptospirosis | TANUVAS Tamil Nadu State Public Health Department | Research and laboratory collaboration | Inter | Subnational | Agreement (Level-based research) | PH & AH |
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune for KFD and CCHF outbreaks in India | One Health capacity building and development of laboratory networks for rapid diagnosis and management of Kyasanur Forest Diseases and Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) outbreaks | 2018 | Kyasanur Forest Disease and Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever | • National Institute of Virology • State Health Department • District Administration | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Inter | Subnational | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH |
MoH&FW, Directorate of Health Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), State Health Department, State Animal Husbandry, and District Administration for the outbreak of Nipah virus | Control 2018 Nipah outbreak in the state of Kerala | 2018 | Nipah virus | • MoH&FW, Directorate of Health Research • Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) • State Health Department • State Animal Husbandry • District Administration | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Inter | Subnational | Programme implementation (solution-based) | PH & AH |
Veterinarians deployed in isolation wards of hospitals in Haryana state through CO-JEET-victory over Covid-19 extending support to medical personnels | Setting up of Covid-19 facilities to support control | Covid-19 | • Animal Husbandry Department • Veterinary Corps – Armed Forces • Medical hospitals | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Inter | Subnational | Programme implementation (solution-based) | PH & AH | |
GADVASU and Government Medical colleges, Amritsar and Patiala | Training on use of real-time PCR diagnostic testing | 2020–2020 | Covid-19 | • GADVASU • Government Medical colleges (Amritsar and Patiala) | Disease outbreaks and control | Inter | Subnational | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH & AH |
TANUVAS and Kings Institute of Preventive Medicine and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology | Collaborate to sequence 21 complete genomes of SARS-CoV2 | 2020–2020 | Covid-19 | • TANUVAS, Kings Institute of Preventive Medicine • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Inter | Subnational (State) | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH & AH |
GADVASU and the State health department | Awareness raising on symptoms and preventive measures for prevalent diseases such as brucellosis | 2016–2016 | Brucellosis | • GADVASU • Punjab Agricultural University • State Health Department | Disease prevention | Inter | Subnational (Punjab) | Programme implementation (Level-based (population) | PH & AH |
One Health Consortium for surveillance of bacterial and viral infections | Development of additional diagnostic methodologies for the surveillance and understanding the spread of emerging diseases | 2021—present | Bacterial, viral and parasitic infections of zoonotic and transboundary pathogens | • Department of Biotechnology (DBT)—National Institute of Animal Biotechnology Hyderabad • AIIMS • IVRI • GADVASU • TANUVAS • MAFSU • Assam agricultural and veterinary university • ICAR, ICMR centres • Wildlife agencies | Disease surveillance and control | Mixed | National | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH, AH, wildlife, forestry & welfare |
OH approach being utilised for the control of anthrax in tribal villages of Odisha involving healthcare sector, animal care sector, NGOs and community social welfare groups | Control of anthrax in a tribal district of Odisha | Anthrax | • Community social welfare groups • Clinical service providers • Veterinary doctors • Forest guards (animal care sector) | Disease outbreaks prevention and control | Mixed | Subnational | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | PH, AH, forestry & welfare | |
OH centre for established by GADVASU engaging communities in training and awareness programs related to zoonoses, AMR, food and water sanitation and biosecurity measures | Community outreach and education about zoonotic diseases | 2016 | Zoonoses | • GADVASU • Affected communities | Community outreach and engagement | Inter | Subnational | Programme implementation (Solution-based) | AH & welfare |